Evaluation of ecological security for the Association of Southeast Asian Nations-5 countries: new evidence from the RALS unit root test

Esenyel İçen N. M., İçen H., Uzuner G.

ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECOLOGICAL STATISTICS, cilt.4, sa.29, ss.705-725, 2022 (SCI-Expanded) identifier identifier

  • Yayın Türü: Makale / Tam Makale
  • Cilt numarası: 4 Sayı: 29
  • Basım Tarihi: 2022
  • Doi Numarası: 10.1007/s10651-022-00540-9
  • Dergi Adı: ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECOLOGICAL STATISTICS
  • Derginin Tarandığı İndeksler: Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED), Scopus, IBZ Online, ABI/INFORM, Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA), BIOSIS, CAB Abstracts, Environment Index, Geobase, Greenfile, Pollution Abstracts, Veterinary Science Database, Civil Engineering Abstracts
  • Sayfa Sayıları: ss.705-725
  • Anahtar Kelimeler: ASEAN-5 countries, Convergence, Ecological sustainability, Energy security ecological footprint pressure index, Low-carbon economy, RALS unit root, SDGs, CARBON-DIOXIDE EMISSIONS, FOREIGN DIRECT-INVESTMENT, ENVIRONMENTAL KUZNETS CURVE, POLLUTION HAVEN HYPOTHESIS, CO2 EMISSIONS, ECONOMIC-GROWTH, CLUB CONVERGENCE, POLICY SHOCKS, FOOTPRINT, SUSTAINABILITY
  • İstanbul Üniversitesi Adresli: Evet

Özet

The present study seeks to determine the convergence of the ecological footprint pressure index for the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN-5) countries over the period of 1961–2017. For this purpose, traditional unit root tests in conjunction with residual augmented least squares (RALS) type unit root tests have been applied to examine the convergence of all countries under investigation. RALS type tests were chosen due to showing a significantly improved power over conventional tests that do not use information on non-normal errors. The traditional unit root results do not show support for the ecological footprint pressure index convergence of the highlighted ASEAN-5 blocs. However, the RALS type and nonlinear unit root tests results reveal that the ecological footprint pressure index became convergent. Thus, governments and policymakers need to adopt stricter policies to protect the environment. These results have a more far-reaching effect on energy and environmental security for the study region.