Comparative Study: Ultrasound, Solar, and Mechanochemical Synthesis of 3,4-Dihydropyrimidin-2(1<i>H</i>)-one Catalyzed Al-Pillared Montmorillonite under Solvent Free Conditions


Bouchenka L., Bouremmad F., Khodja S., Berti F., Felluga F., CAN M. M., ...Daha Fazla

KINETICS AND CATALYSIS, cilt.66, sa.6, ss.717-724, 2025 (SCI-Expanded, Scopus)

  • Yayın Türü: Makale / Tam Makale
  • Cilt numarası: 66 Sayı: 6
  • Basım Tarihi: 2025
  • Doi Numarası: 10.1134/s0023158425600336
  • Dergi Adı: KINETICS AND CATALYSIS
  • Derginin Tarandığı İndeksler: Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED), Scopus, Chemical Abstracts Core, Chimica, Compendex
  • Sayfa Sayıları: ss.717-724
  • İstanbul Üniversitesi Adresli: Evet

Özet

This study reports the green synthesis of 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-one (DHPM) via the Biginelli reaction using aluminum-pillared montmorillonite (Al-Mt), a catalyst derived from Algerian clay. The catalyst was prepared and characterized by X-ray diffraction, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, confirming successful pillaring and enhanced surface area and acidity. Catalytic activity was evaluated under various environmentally friendly conditions, including solvent-free systems, ultrasound irradiation, solar irradiation, and grindstone (mechanochemical) methods. Al-Mt exhibited high efficiency, achieving a 96% yield under solvent-free conditions and 91% yield via grindstone chemistry in just 2.5 h. Solar irradiation also showed promising results with a 64% yield. Compared to raw montmorillonite, the pillared catalyst significantly improved conversion and reaction time. This work highlights Al-Mt as an effective, low-cost, and reusable catalyst for sustainable heterocyclic synthesis, with the grindstone and solar methods representing eco-friendly strategies in DHPM production.