Comparative Study: Ultrasound, Solar, and Mechanochemical Synthesis of 3,4-Dihydropyrimidin-2(1<i>H</i>)-one Catalyzed Al-Pillared Montmorillonite under Solvent Free Conditions
KINETICS AND CATALYSIS, cilt.66, sa.6, ss.717-724, 2025 (SCI-Expanded, Scopus)
- Yayın Türü: Makale / Tam Makale
- Cilt numarası: 66 Sayı: 6
- Basım Tarihi: 2025
- Doi Numarası: 10.1134/s0023158425600336
- Dergi Adı: KINETICS AND CATALYSIS
- Derginin Tarandığı İndeksler: Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED), Scopus, Chemical Abstracts Core, Chimica, Compendex
- Sayfa Sayıları: ss.717-724
- İstanbul Üniversitesi Adresli: Evet
Özet
This study reports the green synthesis of 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-one (DHPM) via the Biginelli reaction using aluminum-pillared montmorillonite (Al-Mt), a catalyst derived from Algerian clay. The catalyst was prepared and characterized by X-ray diffraction, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, confirming successful pillaring and enhanced surface area and acidity. Catalytic activity was evaluated under various environmentally friendly conditions, including solvent-free systems, ultrasound irradiation, solar irradiation, and grindstone (mechanochemical) methods. Al-Mt exhibited high efficiency, achieving a 96% yield under solvent-free conditions and 91% yield via grindstone chemistry in just 2.5 h. Solar irradiation also showed promising results with a 64% yield. Compared to raw montmorillonite, the pillared catalyst significantly improved conversion and reaction time. This work highlights Al-Mt as an effective, low-cost, and reusable catalyst for sustainable heterocyclic synthesis, with the grindstone and solar methods representing eco-friendly strategies in DHPM production.