A dual-mode optical and electrochemical probe for hypochlorite: from molecular design to field application

Erdemir E., Suna G., Liv L., Karakuş E.

Microchemical Journal, cilt.225, 2026 (SCI-Expanded, Scopus) identifier identifier

  • Yayın Türü: Makale / Tam Makale
  • Cilt numarası: 225
  • Basım Tarihi: 2026
  • Doi Numarası: 10.1016/j.microc.2026.118124
  • Dergi Adı: Microchemical Journal
  • Derginin Tarandığı İndeksler: Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED), Scopus, BIOSIS, Chemical Abstracts Core, Chimica, Index Islamicus
  • Anahtar Kelimeler: Dual-mode probe, Electrochemical detection, Fluorene, Hypochlorite, On-site analysis, Optical detection
  • İstanbul Üniversitesi Adresli: Evet

Özet

Hypochlorite (ClO−) is a physiologically relevant reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced in living organisms and it plays a crucial role in the innate immune system but can cause oxidative damage when present in excess. Consequently, it is essential to establish a direct, rapid, and reliable method for ClO− monitoring. In this study, a novel dual-mode probe, Fl–M, incorporating fluorene, thiophene, and malononitrile units, was developed for highly selective and sensitive detection of ClO−. Fl–M exhibited a rapid fluorescence “turn-on” response accompanied by a visible colorimetric change. In addition, Fl–M provides an electrochemical response with high selectivity towards ClO− over various potential interfering species. Fl–M demonstrated low detection limits (LOD) of 340 nM and 390 nM for fluorometric and electrochemical methods, respectively. The dual-mode sensing strategy enhances analytical reliability by offering two independent signal outputs. Furthermore, Fl–M was successfully applied to the detection of ClO− in real water samples, and on-site analysis was demonstrated using a smartphone-based platform.