Akademik Veri Yönetim Sistemi
ECOLOGICAL CHANGES IN THE SEA OF MARMARA, Melek İşinibir,Ahmet Kıdeyş,Alenka Malerj, Editör, İstanbul University Press, İstanbul, ss.297-339, 2024
Pharmaceuticals are a particular class of emerging contaminants, and their significance is becoming increasingly understood due to their physiological impacts on humans, even at low doses. According to the literature, different pharmaceutical compounds are frequently found in varied water, soil, and biota samples. In this study, eleven commonly used pharmaceutical compounds were reviewed in seawater, sediment, and biota in the Sea of Marmara. The studied compounds consist of four groups which are anti-inflammatory (naproxen, diclofenac, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, fenoprofen), hormones (estrone, 17β-estradiol, 17α-ethynylestradiol), antiepileptic (carbamazepine), lipid regulators (gemfibrozil and clofibric acid). Gemfibrozil, ibuprofen, and 17-ethynylestradiol were among the pharmaceutical substances that were frequently found in the Sea of Marmara. Gemfibrozil was detected in concentrations ranging from <0.054 to 9.71 μg/L for seawater, 124 ng/g for sediment, and <3.2 to 9135 ng/g for biota. Ibuprofen was detected in the range of <0.015 – 2.46 μg/L, 215 ng/g, and <3 – 5098 ng/g in seawater, sediment and biota, respectively. 17α-ethynylestradiol was found in concentrations ranging from <0.010 – 3.55 μg/L for seawater, 319 ng/g for sediment, <2 – 1258 ng/g for biota. The negative impacts that these substances may have on both human health and the ecosystems in which they are found are thus of utmost significance. Furthermore, research on the trophic transfer of pharmaceuticals is relatively few and remains a gap in the literature despite the potential bioaccumulation of these substances. The present study reviews the current knowledge on the sources, transport, and degradation of pharmaceuticals in the seawater environment and assesses the environmental risk they pose in light of the criteria of permanence, bioaccumulation, and toxicity. Environmental risk evaluations and the identification of various pharmaceutical residues in water, sediment, and biota samples collected from the Sea of Marmara were thoroughly examined. 17-estradiol, gemfibrozil, and 17-ethynylestradiol pose a significant risk to aquatic life in the Sea of Marmara based on the risk quotient. Due to their extensive usage, the study focused on anti-inflammatory medications, steroid hormones, antiepileptic medicines, and lipid regulators. Finally, future perspectives are discussed while considering the research gaps found in the context of the available information.