Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticle Modification of 3D-Printed Crown Resin: Effects of Concentration on Surface Roughness and Vickers Hardness After Thermocycling

Koç E., Abdulai D., Batgerel O., YAZICIOĞLU O., Suradi R., Moghbel M.

Journal of Functional Biomaterials, cilt.17, sa.5, 2026 (SCI-Expanded, Scopus)

  • Yayın Türü: Makale / Tam Makale
  • Cilt numarası: 17 Sayı: 5
  • Basım Tarihi: 2026
  • Doi Numarası: 10.3390/jfb17050223
  • Dergi Adı: Journal of Functional Biomaterials
  • Derginin Tarandığı İndeksler: Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED), Scopus, BIOSIS, Compendex, EMBASE, INSPEC, Directory of Open Access Journals
  • Anahtar Kelimeler: additive manufacturing, dental materials, hydroxyapatite nanoparticle, surface roughness, thermocycling, Vickers hardness
  • İstanbul Üniversitesi Adresli: Evet

Özet

Background: This in vitro study evaluated the effect of hydroxyapatite nanoparticle (nano-HAp) incorporation on surface roughness and Vickers hardness of a 3D-printed crown resin after thermocycling. Methods: Disk-shaped specimens (N = 84) were modified and fabricated with 0%, 1%, 2%, and 3% nano-HAp. Surface roughness (Ra) and Vickers hardness (VHN) were measured before and after thermocycling (5000 cycles). Surface morphology was qualitatively assessed using FE-SEM. Data were analyzed using two-way mixed-design ANOVA (α = 0.05). Results: Thermocycling increased surface roughness and reduced hardness in all groups. Ra values were highest in the 3% nano-HAp group after thermocycling (1.16 ± 0.47 µm). Baseline Vickers hardness differed significantly among nano-HAp concentrations, and hardness decreased after thermocycling in all groups; however, the 3% nano-HAp group exhibited the highest post-thermocycling hardness values (24.66 ± 1.51 VHN), which should be interpreted in the context of its higher baseline hardness. FE-SEM observations suggested increased surface irregularities with higher nano-HAp concentrations after thermocycling. Conclusions: Nano-HAp incorporation influenced both surface and mechanical properties, with 3% concentration showing higher hardness after aging but increased roughness.