Akademik Veri Yönetim Sistemi
Istanbul Journal of Arabic Studies (ISTANBULJAS), cilt.5, sa.1, ss.33-46, 2022 (Hakemli Dergi)
Extended
Abstract
The authors of grammar books followed several
approaches; To explain the grammatical rules and the changes that occur in the
sentence, From the first moment of the beginning of the
grammatical composition, they were divided into several approaches.
Depending on their goal, He
decided to set the goal of teaching Arabic grammar to newcomers entering the
Islamic religion and those wishing to learn it from the Arabs; their goal
focused on the educational aspect; Therefore, their books came with a clear
curriculum, easy to take, easy to understand, free from difficult issues.
While another group set the goal of matching
the speakers of the philosophers and logicians as a basis for composition;
Therefore, we find that the studies of this group were flooded with terms of
philosophy and logic, and faced many difficulties and complex issues.
This research aims to identify the
grammarians’ methods of writing grammar books, some of which later became
systematic books that scholars and learners follow. Extrapolation of the
approach they followed by reading those books that were written in different
times, following the curriculum and examining the grammatical chapters they
wrote; To reach the methodology they adopted in authorship.
The research also aims to extrapolate the
time period between the maturation of grammatical composition to the sixth
century AH, represented by books, , al-Mofassal by al-Zamakhshari (538 AH), and
al-Kafi by Ibn al-Hajeb (646 AH), and the collections of mosques by al-Suyuti (911
AH), and Ibn Aqil’s explanation of Alfiyyah Ibn Malik, as well as a study of a
number of modern and contemporary works represented by the Arabic Lessons
Collection by Mustafa al-Ghalayini, the applied grammar of Abd al-Rajhi, and
the Shafi grammar. Comprehensive for Mahmoud Hosni Maghalsa.
The research followed the descriptive
analytical approach, as it studied the way the books were written and how the
grammatical and methodological chapters were organized.
After studying some grammatical literature and
reviewing other research in this field, the researcher can date two important
stages of grammatical composition: The stage of general or overlapping
authorship, which is intended to overlap with scientific grammar and
morphology, such as the book by Sibawayh (180 AH), the brief by al-Mubarrad
(285 AH), the assets of Ibn Al-Sarraj (316 AH) and other works. The stage of
clarity of grammatical chapters and their separation from morphological
chapters, such as Al-Munsef fi Sharh Al-Mazini’s Tasrif by Ibn Jinni (322
A.H.), Al-Kafi’ah fi Al-Nahwiya and Al-Shafia fi Al-Shafi’i fi Al-Zarf by Ibn
Al-Hajeb (646 A.H.), and the Reshuff Al-Darb from Lisan Al-Arab by Abu Hayyan
Al-Andalusi (745 A.H.), and others.
The authors differed in addressing and
classifying the grammatical chapters, but we can collect some common features
for each group of grammatical compositions. There are books that have been
classified on the basis of relying on the grammatical function performed by the
word in the sentence. The word may fall as a subject, subject, subject, and so
on. So the chapters of these books are built on the chapters of (initiation -
effectiveness - effectivity .... etc.), such as the book al-Muqtadib by
al-Mubarrad, al-Osoul book by Ibn al-Siraj, al-Jamal book by al-Zajji,
al-Idihah by Abu Ali al-Nahwi, al-Wahih by Abu Bakr al-Zubaidi, al-Lama` by Ibn
Jinni and others. The Alfiya of Ibn Malik and its various explanations,
especially Ibn Aqil's commentary on grammar, are a clear example of this
approach. Among the recent publications that have followed this methodology is
Mahmoud Hosni Magalsa’s book “The Comprehensive Healing Grammar”.
There are books written according to the type
of word: that is, the author is divided into three main chapters (nouns, verbs
and letters), Al-Mofassal by al-Zamakhshari (538 AH) is the clearest example of
this type of grammatical composition, as it was divided into four chapters and
he added a chapter that he called the joint.
As for the third type of grammatical
composition, it is composition on the basis of the syntactic movement. It is
known that the syntax is the change that the factor and its signs and
indications are movements, such as the book al-Kafia by Ibn al-Hajib (646 AH).
And the collector of Arabic lessons for Mustafa Al-Ghalayini.
The fourth type of grammatical composition is
the classification based on the umdah and the virtue, i.e. reliance on the two
corners of the Arabic sentence, which are the musnad and the predicate, such as
the book Ham` al-Hawa`` by al-Suyuti. And the grammar application book by Abdo
Al-Rajhi.
After reviewing this group of ancient and
modern grammatical works, it can be said that arranging the topics according to
the function of the word, i.e. dividing the chapters into the chapters on
recitations, the chapters on al-Mansob, and al-Majroorat is the most
comprehensive method.
As for the arrangement of topics on the basis
of the type of word, it can lead to a methodological problem represented in the
differentiation of topics dealt with by the rule, which does not correspond to
the study of the grammar that is taken from the sentence as its basis.
Such will happen if we adopt the syntactic
movement alone as a basis for distributing grammatical lessons. It may happen
that a word is studied in several chapters, as in Anne and her sisters who were
mentioned three times.
As for arranging topics on the basis of Omdah
and Fezla, it seems that it is the most acceptable method in the grammar
lesson, as the division of lessons will be clear. The method of composing on
the basis of knowledge of the predicate and the predicate will lead to the
possibility of linking, knowing the parts of the main sentence and their
complements, and reaching a clear understanding of the meaning of the sentence.