Novel gallium(III), indium(III) and gadolinium(III) ball-type phthalocyanines: synthesis, photophysicochemical behaviors and<i> in</i><i> vitro</i> activity in breast cancer cell lines
JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR STRUCTURE, cilt.1380, 2027 (SCI-Expanded, Scopus)
- Yayın Türü: Makale / Tam Makale
- Cilt numarası: 1380
- Basım Tarihi: 2027
- Doi Numarası: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2026.147426
- Dergi Adı: JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR STRUCTURE
- Derginin Tarandığı İndeksler: Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED), Scopus, Chemical Abstracts Core, Chimica, Compendex, INSPEC, Academic Search Ultimate (EBSCO), Engineering Source (EBSCO)
- İstanbul Üniversitesi Adresli: Evet
Özet
Ball-type phthalocyanines remain attractive candidates for photodynamic applications because their dimeric architecture can modulate aggregation, excited-state behavior, and reactive oxygen generation. In this study, three non-peripherally substituted ball-type phthalocyanines bearing Ga(III), Gd(III), or In(III) centers were synthesized from 3-(hexadecane-1,2-dioxy)bis(phthalonitrile) and characterized by UV-Vis, FTIR, 1H NMR, and MALDI-TOF MS. Photophysicochemical characterization in THF included the determination of fluorescence, singlet oxygen generation, and photodegradation quantum yields. Notably, the singlet oxygen quantum yields decreased in the order In-6 > Ga-4 > Gd-5, reaching exceptionally high values of 1.46, 0.95, and 0.86, respectively. The antiproliferative effects of the complexes were assessed in vitro against MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, with HUVEC cells serving as a non-tumorigenic comparator. Ga-4 and In-6 produced clear dose-dependent reductions in cancer-cell viability, whereas Gd-5 showed limited biological activity. Overall, the data demonstrate that the central metal ion strongly governs the photophysical and biological behavior of this ball-type scaffold and identify Ga-4 and In-6 as the lead compounds for further photophysical, photochemical, and mechanistic evaluation.