The effects of the 1999 Golcuk earthquake (Mw 7.4) on trace element contamination of core sediments from Izmit Gulf, Turkey

Kaya T. N. A., Sari E., Cagatay M. N., Kurt M. A., Kosesakal T., Kilic O., ...Daha Fazla

NATURAL HAZARDS, cilt.116, sa.1, ss.1189-1208, 2023 (SCI-Expanded) identifier identifier

  • Yayın Türü: Makale / Tam Makale
  • Cilt numarası: 116 Sayı: 1
  • Basım Tarihi: 2023
  • Doi Numarası: 10.1007/s11069-022-05717-w
  • Dergi Adı: NATURAL HAZARDS
  • Derginin Tarandığı İndeksler: Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED), Scopus, IBZ Online, PASCAL, Aerospace Database, Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA), CAB Abstracts, Communication Abstracts, Environment Index, Geobase, INSPEC, Metadex, PAIS International, Pollution Abstracts, Veterinary Science Database, DIALNET, Civil Engineering Abstracts
  • Sayfa Sayıları: ss.1189-1208
  • Anahtar Kelimeler: Trace element, 1999 Izmit earthquake, Sediment core, Pollution sources, Izmit Gulf, POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC-HYDROCARBONS, HEAVY-METAL POLLUTION, NORTH ANATOLIA FAULT, EASTERN MARMARA SEA, BAY TURKEY, SOURCE APPORTIONMENT, SURFACE SEDIMENTS, MARINE-SEDIMENTS, CINARCIK BASIN, ORGANIC-CARBON
  • İstanbul Üniversitesi Adresli: Evet

Özet

Using geochemical and sedimentological properties of a sediment core IK2 from the 210 m deep Karamursel Basin of the Izmit Gulf, temporal evolution of pollution and sources of trace elements (As, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb and Zn) were investigated. The core sequence extends back to AD865 and includes four mass-flow units (THU-1 to THU-4 from top to base) that were triggered by major earthquakes of AD 1999, 1509, 1206 and 865. The vertical profiles of elements and total organic carbon (TOC) in core IK2 display the highest enrichments in THU-1 that was triggered by the 1999 Izmit earthquake (Mw 7.4). The profiles also display massive erosion of sediments below THU-1, belonging to the industrial period. Principal component analysis (PCA) of geochemical data from core IK2 showed three clusters: (1) PC1 (Co, Cu, Zn, Hg, TOC); (2) PC2 (As, Cr); (3) PC3 (Al). Enrichment of PC1 elements in THU-1 indicates that the unit represents the contaminated surficial sediments remobilized mainly from the relatively steep slopes of the Karamursel Basin by the earthquake shaking. Strong correlation between TOC and Cu, Zn, Hg, Co suggests additional contamination sources, such as the seepages from the disrupted industrial pipelines, oil refinery and storage tanks, following the earthquake. Moderate enrichment in Pb, and As severe enrichment in Zn and very severe enrichment in Hg in the THU-1 sediments occurred in the last century, but significantly magnified by the devastating 1999 Izmit earthquake and early diagenetic processes.