Occurrence, sources and environmental risk assessment of pharmaceuticals in the Sea of Marmara, Turkey

E. Korkmaz N., Savun-Hekimoğlu B., Aksu A., Burak Z. S., Caglar N. B.

SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT, cilt.819, 2022 (SCI-Expanded) identifier identifier identifier

  • Yayın Türü: Makale / Tam Makale
  • Cilt numarası: 819
  • Basım Tarihi: 2022
  • Doi Numarası: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.152996
  • Dergi Adı: SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
  • Derginin Tarandığı İndeksler: Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED), Scopus, Academic Search Premier, PASCAL, Aerospace Database, Analytical Abstracts, Aqualine, Aquatic Science & Fisheries Abstracts (ASFA), BIOSIS, Biotechnology Research Abstracts, CAB Abstracts, Chimica, Communication Abstracts, Compendex, EMBASE, Environment Index, Food Science & Technology Abstracts, Geobase, Greenfile, MEDLINE, Metadex, Pollution Abstracts, Public Affairs Index, Veterinary Science Database, Civil Engineering Abstracts
  • Anahtar Kelimeler: Emerging contaminants, Pharmaceuticals, Seawater, Sea of Marmara, Risk assessment, PERSONAL CARE PRODUCTS, WASTE-WATER TREATMENT, SOLID-PHASE EXTRACTION, GOLDEN HORN ESTUARY, SURFACE SEDIMENTS, IZMIT BAY, ANTIINFLAMMATORY DRUGS, EMERGING CONTAMINANTS, ESTROGENIC COMPOUNDS, AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT
  • İstanbul Üniversitesi Adresli: Evet

Özet

In the present study, the occurrence and spatial distribution of selected eleven pharmaceuticals were investigated in the Sea of Marmara, Turkey. Samples were collected from different depths of the nine stations in April and October 2019. Pharmaceuticals were analyzed using liquid-liquid and solid-phase extraction (SPE) methods followed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). All target pharmaceutical compounds were detected at least once in the study area. Gemfibrozil, which belongs to the lipid regulatory group, was the most frequently detected in seawater at high concentrations (<0.016-9.71 mu g/L). Ibuprofen (<0.015-2.13 mu g/L) and 17 alpha-ethynylestradiol (<0.010-3.55 mu g/L) were identified as the other frequently detected pharmaceuticals. In addition, the presence of these selected compounds in April was higher than in October. According to the risk assessment results, naproxen, diclofenac, clofibric acid, gemfibrozil, 170-estradiol, and 17 alpha-ethynylestradiol represent a high risk to aquatic organisms in the Sea of Marmara. These findings underline the importance of continued monitoring of these compounds as relevant organic contaminants in the study area to take appropriate measures to protect the ecosystem and, ultimately, human health.